United Nations (UN)
Subsidiary organs
The
United Nations network also includes subsidiary organs created by the General
Assembly and autonomous specialized agencies. The subsidiary organs report to
the General Assembly. Some of these organs are funded directly by the UN;
others are financed by the voluntary contributions of governments or private
citizens. In addition, General Assembly has consultative relationships with
NGOs operating in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related
fields. NGOs have played an increasingly important role in the work of the UN’s
specialized agencies, especially in the areas of health, peacekeeping, refugee
issues, and human rights.
Specialized
agencies
The specialized agencies
report annually to general assembly and often cooperate with each other and
with various UN organs. However, they also have their own principles, goals,
and rules, which at times may conflict with those of other UN organs and
agencies. The specialized agencies are autonomous insofar as they control their
own budgets and have their own boards of directors, who appoint agency heads
independently of the General Assembly or secretary-general.
Major specialized
agencies and related organs of the UN include
Two of the most powerful
specialized agencies, which also are the most independent with respect to UN
decision making, are the
The United Nations, along with its specialized
agencies, is often referred to collectively as the United Nations system.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
Head quarters: Geneva, Switzerland
Director general: Guy Ryder
Publications: Among the
ILO’s many publications are the International Labour Review and the Year
Book of Labour Statistics.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
oldest permanent
specialized agency of theUnited Nations, established in October 1945 with the
objective of eliminating hunger and improving nutrition and
standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity.
The FAO coordinates the efforts of governments and technical
agencies in programs for developing agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and land and water resources.
Head quarters: Rome
Director
general: jose graziano dsilva
UNESCO
UNESCO, acronym for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that was outlined in a constitution
signed November 16, 1945. The constitution, which entered into force in 1946,
called for the promotion of international collaboration in education, science,
and culture.
Head
quarters : france, paris
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Health Organization (WHO),
headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland
director general: Chinese civil servant Margaret Chan
WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, a leading
international publication on health, the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day (7 April
of every year).
.
International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Alternate title: IBRD (WORLD BANK= IMF + IBRD)
president
:dr. jim yong kim
total
members :188
188th
member : south sudan
International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Main component organization of the World Bank . The IBRD
lends money to middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries. Most of its
funds come from sales of bonds in international capital markets. More than 180
countries are members of the IBRD. Each member’s voting power is linked to its
capital subscription; the U.S., with some one-sixth of the shares in the IBRD,
has veto power over any proposed changes to the bank.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations(UN) specialized agency, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to secure international
monetary cooperation, to stabilize currency exchange rates, and to expand international liquidity
(access to hard currencies).
international
monetary system will stabilize currency exchange
rates without backing currencies entirely with gold; to reduce the frequency
and severity of balance-of-payments deficits
(which occur when more foreign currency leaves a country than enters it); and
to eliminate destructive mercantilist trade
policies, such as competitive devaluations and foreign exchange restrictions—all
while substantially preserving each country’s ability to pursue independent
economic policies
organization’s permanent
headquarters inWashington, D.C.,
issues
sdr(special drawing rights) rights or paper gold issue(v.imp)
Since its creation, the IMF’s principal
activities have included stabilizing currency exchange rates, financing the
short-term balance-of-payments deficits of member countries, and providing
advice and technical assistance to borrowing countries.
Membership countries: 188
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
organization that
provides loans and equity investments for development projects in its member
countries. The bank also
provides technical assistance for projects and programs, and it promotes the
investment of capital for development.
headquartered in Manila.
TOTALMEMBERS :67
Japan is one of the largest shareholders of
the bank, the president has always been Japanese.
The most recent president was Takehiko Nakao, who succeededHaruhiko Kuroda in 2013.
OPEC
OPEC, in full Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries,
multinational organization that was established to coordinate the petroleum policies
of its members and to provide member states with technical and economic aid.
OPEC’s headquarters, located in Vienna(PREVIOUSLY GENEVA)
. OPEC members coordinate
policies on oil prices, production, and related matters at semiannual and
special meetings of the OPEC Conference.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
PREVIOUS NAME : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO), international organization established
to supervise and liberalize world trade. The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), to be called the International Trade
Organization (ITO). Although the ITO never materialized, the GATT proved
remarkably successful in liberalizing world trade over the next five decades.
TOTAL MEMBERS : 160
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), United Nations (UN)
organization formed in 1965 to help countries eliminate poverty and
achieve sustainable human development, an approach to economic growth that
emphasizes improving the quality of life of all citizens while conserving the
environment and natural resources for future generations
. It is headquartered in New York City.
The UNDP administers aid through five-year Country Programmes,
which fund projects aimed at attracting investment capital, training skilled
employees, and implementing modern technologies..
VERY
VERY IMPORTANT
The UNDP Human Development Report Office also
publishes an annual Human
Development Report (since
1990) to measure and analyse developmental progress. In addition to a global
Report, UNDP publishes regional, national, and local Human Development Reports
following Millennium
Development Goals by 2015:
7. To ensure environmental sustainability[1]
8. To develop a global partnership for
development[2]
International
Development Association (IDA)
Alternate title: IDA
International Development
Association (IDA), United Nations specialized agency affiliated with but
legally and financially distinct from the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank). It was instituted in September 1960 to make
loans on more flexible terms than those of the World Bank. IDA members must be
members of the bank, and the bank’s officers serve as IDA’s ex officio
officers. Headquarters are inWashington, D.C.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), military
alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington
Treaty) of April 4, 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern
Europe after World War II.
NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium
MEMBERS :28 COUNTRIES
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), organization
that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the
Asia-Pacific region
The APEC secretariat,
established in 1993 and headquartered in Singapore,
MEMBERSHIP COUNTRIES : 21
provides advisory and logistic services as well as research and
analysis.
MEETINGS:
2014 :26th MEETING November
10–11 China
Beijing
2015 27th MEETING November
2015 Philippines Manila
2016 28th MEETING November
2016 Peru Lima
ASEAN
MEMBERS COUNTRIES
Brunei Philippines Laos Thailand Vietnam Myanmar Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia Singapore,
HOW TO REMEMBER
MEMBERSHIP COUNTRIES: B P L TV MIMICS
ASEAN summit meetings, which are held every year, bring together
the heads of state of member countries; there are also annual conferences for
foreign ministers.
SUMMITS:
REMEMBER EVERY YEAR IT COMES
2014:asean
formal summits in may and november at nay pyi taw(burma) , hosting leader thein sein
European Union (EU)
European Union (EU), international organization comprising 28 European countries
AIM-
The EU was in recognition of the organization’s efforts to promote peace and
democracy in Europe.
THE CURRENT PRESIDENT
EUROPEAN COMMISSION- JEAN-CLAUDE JUNCKER
Nobel Prize,
any of the prizes (five in number until
1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed
for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious
awards given for intellectual achievement in the world.
These prizes as established by his will are the
Nobel Prize for Physics,
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
AIM- autonomous intergovernmental organization
dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic energy to the world’s peace and well-being and ensuring that agency
assistance is not used for military purposes..
As part of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), all non-nuclear powers are
required to negotiate a safeguards agreement with the IAEA; as part of that
agreement, the IAEA is given authority to monitor nuclear programs and to
inspect nuclear facilities.
Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons
Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also
called Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, agreement
of July 1, 1968, signed by the United Kingdom, the United States, theSoviet Union,
and 59 other states, under which the three major signatories, which possessed nuclear weapons, agreed not to assist other states in obtaining or producing them. The treaty became effective in March 1970 and was
to remain so for a 25-year period. Additional countries later ratified the
treaty; as of 2007 only three countries (India, Israel, and Pakistan) have
refused to sign the treaty, and one country (North Korea)
has signed and then withdrawn from the treaty. The treaty was extended
indefinitely and without conditions in 1995 by a consensus vote of 174
countries at the United Nationsheadquarters in New York City.
.
United Nations Security Council
United Nations Security Council, United Nations (UN)
organ whose primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace
and security.
The Security Council
originally consisted of 11 members—five permanent members (the Republic of China [Taiwan], France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, and
the United States) and six nonpermanent members elected by the UN General Assembly for two-year terms. An amendment to the UN Charter in 1965 increased council
membership to 15, including the original five permanent members and 10
nonpermanent members. with five members coming from Africa or Asia, one from
eastern Europe, two from Latin America, and two from western Europe or other
areas. Five of the 10 nonpermanent members are elected each year by the General
Assembly for two-year terms, and five retire each year. The presidency is held
by each member in rotation for a period of one month.
Each member has one vote(veto power). On all “procedural” matters—the definition of which is
sometimes in dispute—decisions by the council are made by an affirmative vote
of any nine of its members.
United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
permanent organ of
the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, established in
1964 to promote trade,investment, and development in
developing countries.
Headquartered in Geneva,Switzerland
UNCTAD has 194 members.
Secretary-General
Mukhisa Kituyi
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES
(UNHCR)
PRESENT Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees :ANTONIO GUTERRES
AIM -the UNHCR intervenes with various national
governments in order to ensure such minimal rights as freedom from arbitrary
expulsion, access to the courts, work and educational opportunities, and
possession of identity and travel documents.
International Criminal Court (ICC),
AIM- to prosecute and
adjudicate individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
The ICC was established
as a court of last resort to prosecute the most heinous offenses in cases where
national courts fail to act. Unlike the International Court of Justice, which hears disputes
between states, the ICC handles prosecutions of individuals.
United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP),
TOTAL MEMBERS -58
One of UNEP’s most widely
recognized activities is Earthwatch, an
international monitoring system designed to facilitate the exchange of
environmental information among governments. Participation in this enterprise
enables members to assess significant environmental risks and to act
accordingly. UNEP played a major role in initiating negotiations on reducing ozone-depleting chemicals.
UNEP provides the
technical assistance for a variety of international conventions, including the Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987),
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
AIM - international organization designed to promote the worldwide
protection of both industrial property (inventions, trademarks, and designs)
and copyrighted materials
(literary, musical, photographic, and other artistic works a specialized agency of the United Nations in
It is headquartered in Geneva.
WIPO currently has 187 member states
The current Director-General of WIPO is Francis
Gurry
Palestine has
observer status.[5]
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